The broad coverage includes crop plant and insect diversity, mechanisms of insectplant interactions, host plant selection, components of resistance, the biochemical basis for resistance, mechanisms of resistance. In such cases, the interactions of plant resistance with other management tactics are important to the net effectiveness of the management programme. Classes of specificity of the million or so species of insects, approximately onehalf are plant feeding forms brues, 1946. Fungicide and bactericide efficacy may change with. Over 500 species of pests have evolved a resistance to a pesticide.
In contrast, there has been much less use of this method for the management of insect pests in commercial vegetable production smith 1989. A case study of bacillus thuringiensis bt and its transfer to developing countries anatole f. Host plant resistance can be broken down into three categories. Resistance is the ability of a certain variety to produce a larger yield of good quality than other varieties at the same initial level of infestation and under similar environmental conditions. Plant resistance is pivotal in preventing crop yield loss to herbivores, and, thus, it is. Evaluation of host plant resistance against sunflower moth.
Therefore, in plants that exhibit antibiosis towards crop maturity, there is marked reduction in the level of pest infestation virus vector population and host damage. Host plant resistance and insect pest management in chickpea. The use of plant resistance for managing arthropod pests in rice illustrates many aspects of the use of host plant resistance in pest management. The global scenario of crop damage inflicted by insects is a matter of serious concern. The number of life cycles completed in a given period of time is also less. The overuse and misuse of insecticides some four decades ago created major environmental problems and was followed by the development of an integrated pest management approach to crop pests. Available formats pdf please select a format to send.
The use of these combined practices usually produce the most reliable and stable plant disease management. There are even insects that manage to fool the plant to mount a pathogen response that allows the insect to continue to feed on the plant. Plant health factors that affect a small grains plant will also affect the insects and mites that feed on it. They can be used as well to follow parasites and predators of insects for example, their move. Integrating biological control and host plant resistance. Ent id547 fundamentals of biological control 3 cr see ent j447j547. Pdf host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control. Hostplant resistance in pest management sciencedirect. Three basic components or mechanisms are involved in plant resistance. Ecology, evolution, and mechanisms of the interactions between insects and plants. They also can mark plants on which insects feed so that the quantity of consumed food can be measured and directly correlated with plant resistance. It is mainly phloemfeeding insects like silverleaf whiteflies that manage to activate the sa system instead of the ja system kempema et al. Other sources estimate the number to be around 1,000 species since 1945. Breeding plants or animals for resistance to insects is really just another form of biological pest control.
It is, therefore, imperative to give pivotal position to host plant resistance in ipm. Allen knutson, bill ree and mark muegge professor and extension entomologist, extension program specialist ii. The most attractive feature of hpr is that farmers virtually do not need any. Abstract testing the host specificity of potential agents is an important part of biocontrol methodology. In bt corn, bt cotton, and bt potatoes, genes that direct bt toxin production have been inserted into plants so that seeds or seed pieces carry the instructions for plants to produce bt toxins for insect resistance host plant resistance to insects.
Insect preference for a certain host plant is related to color, light reflection, physical structure of the surface, and chemical stimuli such as. Chapter five deals with important morphological or biophysical traits of plants which impart resistance against insect pests. Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and their. Host plant resistance and tolerance to insect pests. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. Insect and pathogenresistant cultivars that have been effective against target pests are usually deployed indiscriminately until they are no longer effective.
Pdf host plant resistance and insect pest management in. Host resistance is important in reducing cost of pest control, may help protect environment by reducing pesticide use, and may help alleviate the onset of pesticide resistance. Host plant resistance wisconsin vegetable entomology. Managing insect and mite pests of commercial pecans in texas. That is, resistance in plants that evolved with an insect could be susceptible to being overcome by genetic changes in the insect pest. Resistance to insect pests and diseases should be given as much emphasis as yield to identify new varieties and hybrids for cultivation by the farmers sharma and ortiz, 2002. Insect plant interactions and host plant resistance ram singh and g. Vermicompostmediated host plant resistance to insects. The development of the pathogen negatively affects the normal plant. Gurdev s khush this text presents a broad overview of host plant resistance to insect pests. A third termhostplant preferenceis also behavioral, and is used to describe the insect s predilection to select some plants in preference to others, within its hostplant range. Insecticides have been in use indiscriminately leading to the acquisition of resistance inadvertently in insects to all groups of. However, the central link of host plant finding, thought.
Ent id549 insect plant interactions 3 cr wsu entom 445545. Escape absence of infestation or injury to host plant due to transitory process like incomplete infestation. Host plant resistance to insects in searchworks catalog. Managing insect and mite pests of commercial pecans. Over the past five decades, a large proportion of the world sorghum germplasm collection has been evaluated for resistance to insect pests, and a number of lines with resistance to.
It has been estimated that the multiple insect resistant rice variety ir36 has provided us. Host plant resistance for insect control in some important crop plants vernon e. The role of host plant resistance in insect pest mis. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. The sources of resistance to insects in crops have been classified as non preference, antibiosis, and tolerance. In a recent article in the journal frontiers in plant science. It also describes screening and breeding for insect resistance. In this article we will discuss about the insect resistance in plants. Therefore, plants might be able to circumvent allocation. Growers need to integrate as many different management tools as possible for long term success. Host plant resistance and tolerance to insect pests eorganic.
The compatible, complementary role plant resistance to insect pests plays with other direct control tactics is. Types and mechanisms of host plant resistance to insect attack. Host plant resistance importance disease resistance. In this study, trait efficacy is determined by pericarp strength of sunflower achenes. While physiological changes in host plants may result in higher disease resistance under climate change scenarios, host resistance to disease may be overcome more quickly by more rapid disease cycles, resulting in a greater chance of pathogens evolving to overcome host plant resistance. The development of hostplant resistance to insect pests. Lettuce cultivars for insect resistance in southern florida 3 bcb damage than the susceptible cultivars. Download adobe acrobat reader free software to read pdf files. While the focus is on the african maize stem borer, busseola fusca reference is also made to other economically important stem borer species. Estimating direct resistance in willows against a major insect pest, phratora. Examples of the effects of both nonpreference and antibiosis resistance on insect numbers are given. The three legs of the triangle host, pathogen, and environment must be present and interact appropriately for plant disease to result. The herbivores behaviour and adaptation to the host plant are influencedby the chemical composition of the host plant.
Ent id546 host plant resistance to insects and pathogens 3 cr see ent j446j546. Induced resistance, or resistance triggered by prior herbivore attack, has a number of potential uses in crop protection that are only now beginning to be explored. Biophysical bases of resistance in plants to insects pala ram ram singh and g. This text presents a broad overview of host plant resistance to insect pests. The healthier, larger, and more vigorously growing the plant, the more pests it can tolerate without significant loss. Exploiting plants resistance against pests could be handier in controlling the pest which is compatible with other methods of pest. Paradigm shifts in research on host plant resistance to. This publication briefly summarizes plant mineral nutrition and what is known about how different nutrients affect different types of plant diseases fungal, bacterial, viral, and soilborne and pests. In fact, when durability of resistance is considered, partial resistance is preferable to total resistance. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. It shows how plants can defend themselves naturally and how insects have adapted to overcome these mechanisms through.
However, if they are available, resistant varieties can be an effective. It shows how plants can defend themselves naturally and how insects have adapted to overcome these mechanisms through coevolution. Host plant resistance for insect control in some important. The compatible, complementary role plant resistance to insect pests plays with other direct control tactics is, in theory and practice, in concert with the objectives of ipm. Plant defense against herbivory or host plant resistance hpr describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. In contrast, there has been much less use of this method for the management of insect pests. This chapter discusses the resistance of plants to insects. Crop varieties that are resistant to pest damage are said to have host plant resistance. Modern agriculture provides novel solutions to age old problems. Host plant resistance, insect pests, molecular markers, genetic transformation, gene pyramiding, rnai introduction host plant resistance hpr assumes a central role, and is the backbone of pest management in order to increase production and productivity of the crops, to meet the increasing demand for food, feed, fodder, and fuel. Plant science host plant resistance to insects pdf mechanisms of insect resistance for some major cereal crops section i and then shown to be economically important. In conclusion, this study presents genomic loci associated with gallinducing insect resistance for the first time in plants and makes a valuable. Concepts and methods regarding host plant resistance to. Mineral nutrition contributes to plant disease and pest.
Host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control. Fritz genetic techniques clave yielded new itisighfs into plant herbivore coevolution. Identification and utilization of sources of resistance to insect pests. Chemical derived substances involved in host plant resistance to insects. New and improved varieties are always coming to the marketplace. Biochemical bases of resistance in plants to insects ramesh arora and g. Coevolution is the generally accepted theory for the evolution of insect host plant relationships, however, it can be shown that its main premisses are inadequate. Host plant resistance definition types and mechanisms ecological and genetic resistance host plant resistance hpr definition those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same. Quantitat ive genetic tests of herbivory theory reveal tlzat in some cases insect kerbivores impose selectioti on resistance traits. Insect resistant varieties provide substantial economic returns on investment on research and development and give much greater returns on investment than pesticides. Hostplant resistance and chemical control of chilo partellus swinhoe and busseola fusca fuller in an integrated pest management system on grain sorghum.
Breeding for host plant resistance nc state university. A frequent symptom of b deficiency is the development of corky tissue along leaf veins and stems as a result of the. Although crop yields and effectiveness of insect control vary among bt hybrids and transgenic technologies, bt plants generally are very effective for controlling target insects. Insect resistance in plants is also due to the chemical constituents which may be either qualitative or quantitative. Induced resistance increase in resistance temporarily as a result of some changed conditions of plants or environment such as change in the amount of water or nutrient status of soil c. Host plant selection by insects is often divided into host plant finding. When 70096 is grown in the field, it would be reasonable not to spray any pesticides for bcb control, which could help reduce production costs and protect the environment. Host plant resistance may increase pest mortality rates or decrease pest reproduction rates sufficiently to require very little pesticide to maintain pest populations below the economic threshold. Host plant resistance is an economical and environmentfriendly method of insect pest and disease management. Hostplant selection is the behavioral sequence by which an insect distinguishes between host and nonhost plants. In chapter four, information has been given relating to theories of host plant selection by insects, host plant defence theories and theories of coevolution of plants and insects. It is considerable progress has been made in identification and utilization of crop germplasm for resistance to. Lecture 16 host plant resistance definition types and. Many insects such as mites can cause plants to produce abnormal plant growths known as galls which occur on leaves, stems, flowers, branches and roots of plants.
The study of plant disease often begins with a discussion of the plant disease triangle. Hostplant resistance hpr to insect pests is considered one of the key tactics for insect control, particularly in developing countries where utilization of other. Crop varieties resistant to insects are far less common than disease resistant varieties, because plant breeders have traditionally focused more on disease resistance. How should plant resistance to herbivores be measured. Host resistance hosts may be less susceptible to attack due to antibiosis and antixenosis or may yield well despite attack due to tolerance. From the herbivores perspective, however, a resistant host plant is a plant that. Nonpreference antixenosis host plants that express nonpreference affect the way an insect pest perceives the desirability of the host plant.
Click download or read online button to get association of plant hairs and insect resistance book now. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. With greater collaboration and commitment from plant breeders, biotechnologists and entomologists, crop resistance could play a major role in the integrated pest management of insect pests of cruciferous crops. We examined the efficacy of resistance as a control strategy against the sunflower moth. Download this books into available format 2019 update. Rather than finding insects to attack the pests, breeders look for genetic traits or combinations of traits that reduce an organisms susceptibility to attack or injury by its insect pests. The broad coverage includes crop plant and insect diversity, mechanisms of insect plant interactions, host plant selection, components of resistance, the biochemical basis for resistance, mechanisms of resistance, factors affecting expression of resistance, screening techniques for resistance, the role of insect. Mineral nutrition contributes to plant disease and pest resistance 3 barrier to infections. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence the. The role of host plant resistance in insect pest mismanagement volume 81 issue 2 h. Hostplant resistance may act independently of these other tactics to reduce pest populations, or antagonistic or synergistic interactions may occur.
These chemicals occur within certain parts of the plant or in specific stages of plant growth. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that. Insect control is serious and greatest challenge for agricultural crops. Introduction importance of host plant resistance historical perspectives. Figure 1 categorizing pests, host plant resistance and tritrophic interactions and biological control effect aa i enemy pesti a 1 agricultural setting. Pdf host plant resistance to insects of legume crops r. Host plant resistance to insect is a conventional approaches and phenomenon of interrelationship between host plants and affected by environmental factors. Compounds that have been isolated from plants exhibit biological activity with more than 100 species of insects. The implication is that insects with a longterm association with a host plant species have the genetic plasticity to overcome defense strategies of the host plant.
Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and their application to host specificity testing. Host plant resistance should form the backbone of pest management in sorghum. Plant defense against herbivory or hostplant resistance describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Frontiers how should plant resistance to herbivores be measured. This approach utilizes a combination of host plant resistance.
Insectresistant crop varieties suppress insect pest abundance or elevate the damage tolerance level of the plants. The book entitled host plant resistance to pests hedin, 1977 has 16 chap ters and 34 authors. The builtin protection of resistant plants from insect pests functions at a very basic level, disrupting the normal association of the insect pest with its host plant. Materials and methods twosample ttest to examine the results of host plant resistance responses to a. An understanding of the behavioral processes involved in selection of a host plant. When k, ca, and, often, n levels are deficient, plants are more susceptible to bacterial attacks. The first identification of genomic loci in plants. Host plant this is the plant that gets infected and then hosts the development of the pathogen inside. A fundamental component of ipm radcliffes ipm world textbook host plant resistance hpr to insect pests is considered one of the key tactics for insect control, particularly in developing countries where utilization of other control methods such as pesticides is often difficult or unwise. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Managing insect and mite pests of texas small grains. Resistance that results from changes in the host plant morphology may also improve pesticide penetration and coverage. Department of entomology university ofcalifornia riverside.
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